本研究旨在探討青少年憂鬱及自殺之性別差異，以及對生活事件、人格特質、家庭功能、靈性安適之相關因素的探討。研究目的為(一)暸解青少年憂鬱與自殺傾向的盛行率。(二)瞭解青少年憂鬱與自殺傾向的性別差異。(三)探討青少年憂鬱與自殺傾向之性別差異相關因素。(四)探討青少年憂鬱與自殺傾向在基線與追蹤上之相關性。
研究對象以彰化縣四所高中職學生為研究對象，分兩次進行收案，間隔約半年，有效收案人數為357人。測量問卷工具共有五: (一) 兒童版情感性疾患及精神分裂診斷問卷(The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children and Adolescents；K-SADS-E)、(二)艾氏少年人格量表 (Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire；JEPQ)、(三)生活事件檢核量表(Life Event Checklist；LEC)、(四)家庭功能量表(FACES-III)、(五)靈性安適量表(The Spirituality Index of Well-Being；SIWB)。將收集完成的資料進行量表信效度測試、描述性統計、邏輯斯回歸、皮爾森積差相關等統計方進行分析。
研究結果發現: (一)在憂鬱診斷與自殺傾向上，研究對象中有憂鬱診斷者為25.8%，而有自殺傾向者為10.1%。(二)在性別差異上，研究對象在家庭功能與靈性安適量表上具有顯著差異性(P<0.05)，而在憂鬱以及自殺傾向上，性別也具有顯著差異(P<0.05)。(三) 量表中憂鬱診斷與神經質、精神自我效能均呈現顯著相關(P<0.05)，自殺傾向則與神經質、生命意義感、凝聚力均有顯著相關(P<0.05)。(四) 以性別來看，女性與神經質人格特質及負向生活事件的相關性較強(p<0.05)。(五)神經質人格特質與負向的生活事件呈現正相關（皮爾森積差相關系數：0.35），但是與靈性安適、家庭功能呈負相關(皮爾森積差相關系數位於(-)0.03-(-)0.20之間)，而外向人格特質與靈性安適及家庭功能呈正相關(皮爾森積差相關系數位於0.01-0.16)。(六)本研究所採用之量表在信效度表現上皆有不錯的成果(Crobach’s Alpha>0.7)。
本研究結果顯示神經質人格、負向生活事件與憂鬱及自殺傾向具有密切之關係，同時也是女性憂鬱及自殺傾向的重要關鍵因子，建議學校方面對具有這些特質的學生除了給予輔導教學之外，針對個人因素應與家庭內部進行協調與合作。
The research aims to investigate the effect of life event, personality, family function and spirituality of well-being on depression and suicide. Purposes of the research are: (1) Understanding the relationship between depression and suicide among adolescents; (2) Exploring the gender difference of depression and suicide among adolescents; (3) Searching for the related factors of depression and suicide among adolescents; and (4) Examining the association of depression and suicide between baseline and follow-up.
Four high school students (n=357) in Zhanghua County were recruited and completed a series of questionnaire twice in a six-month interval. Five measuring tools are included: (1) The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children and Adolescents (K-SADS-E); (2) Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ); (3) Life Event Checklist (LEC); (4) FACES-III; and (5) The Spirituality Index of Well-Being (SIWB). Reliability and validity were assessed for all measures, and data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and Pearson correlation.
In the research we found (1) Around 25.8 percent of participants were diagnosed as depression and 10.1 percent were diagnosed as suicide. (2) Significant gender differences were shown in family functioning and spirituality (p<0.05), as well as in depression and suicide (p<0.05). (3) The depressed status showed significant associations with both neurotic personality and spiritual self-efficacy, and the ideation of suicide showed significant associations with neurotic personality, meaning of life and cohesion (p<0.05). (4) Girls showed a stronger relation to neurotic personality and negative life event (p<0.05) than boys. (5) The neurotic personality demonstrated a positive correlation to the negative life event (Pearson's correlation coefficient=0.35), a negative correlation to spirituality and well-being and family function (Pearson's correlation coefficient= (-)0.03-(-)0.20); yet the extroversion personality showed a positive correlation to those two measures (Pearson's correlation coefficient= 0.01-0.16). (6) The reliability of the scales indicated satisfactory results (Crobach’s Alpha>0.7).
The research indicated that there is an intensive relation among neurotic personality and negative life event to depressed and suicidal inclination, and of those two are also the key factors to affect female depressing and suicidal inclination. Schools should provide more consoling instructors and pay more attention to those students who are under these conditions.
