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    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ir.csmu.edu.tw:8080/ir/handle/310902500/3929


    Title: Muscleblind家族蛋白質的功能研究
    Investigation of the Functions of the Muscleblind Family Proteins
    Authors: 潘惠錦;蕭光明
    Contributors: 中山醫學大學:生物醫學科學學系
    Date: 2010
    Issue Date: 2011-06-29T04:25:12Z (UTC)
    Abstract: Muscleblind (MBNL)家族蛋白質為一種參與組織特異性RNA 差
    異剪輯的調節蛋白。其蛋白質家族共同的特徵在於具有二到四
    個CCCH 鋅指區域,並藉由此區域結合RNA。已知MBNL 功
    能的異常在人類會造成肌強直肌肉萎縮症(DM)。本研究欲利用
    斑馬魚為模式模擬人類DM 疾病中MBNL 蛋白質活性下調的情
    況,探討其對斑馬魚早期發育的影響以了解其功能運作。首先
    我們選殖出斑馬魚中的三個muscleblind 同源基因,確認其結構
    並偵測其在發育時期的表現情形,進一步利用反意morpholino
    寡核芉酸抑制其蛋白質表現,分析受影響的胚胎的表現型和特
    定基因的表現或差異性RNA 剪輯。我們的結果顯示,斑馬魚
    mbnl 基因藉由RNA 差異剪輯一共可編碼至少13 種以上的蛋白
    質異構物 (4 種mbnl1, 4 種mbnl2 和5 種mbnl3),它們廣泛表
    現於斑馬魚的成魚組織,但其特定的剪輯形式於各種組織中具
    有表現差異性。mbnl1 和mbnl2 在早期胚胎有母源性表現,而
    mbnl3 則只在24hpf 之後的胚胎才測得到。利用全胚體原位雜
    交技術觀察,mbnl1 在早期胚胎表現於血液前趨細胞、腹側中
    胚層,48hpf 後則表現於心臟、咽喉鰓弓、耳囊及魚鰾等組
    織。mbnl2 的表現分部於眼睛、嗅覺上皮、鰓弓、頭部間葉組
    織、視神經叉、中/後腦交界、咽喉及魚鰾組織中。mbnl3 在胚
    胎中呈現廣泛性表現。抑制mbnl1 蛋白質轉譯可觀察到胚胎心
    臟形態異常、游動異常、耳石融合、眼睛分化不全、肌肉細胞
    型態異常、魚鰾以及下顎軟骨缺失。以半定量RT-PCR 觀察,
    發現mbnl1 對於下游基因tnnt2 、mtmr1、vinculin 以及clcn1 的
    RNA 剪輯有異常的調節。而注射mbnl2 MO 的胚胎,其表型與
    mbnl1 knockdown 的胚胎相似,但其嚴重程度較為輕微。使用
    自製z-mbnl1 及z-mbnl2 抗體以西方墨點法偵測蛋白表現,可
    觀察到mbnl1 或mbnl2 蛋白在morpholino knockdown 的胚胎中
    其蛋白量有下降。而注射mbnl1 及mbnl2 cRNA,統計結果發
    現可回覆部分上述異常表型。另外,抑制mbnl3 除了咽喉鰓弓
    軟骨發育有異常之外並沒有觀察到與WT 有明顯的差異。反
    之,顯微注射mbnl3 cRNA 可造成體軸彎曲及體節縮短,且體
    節排列嚴重異常。進一步將zmbnl3 過量表達於小鼠C2C12 細
    胞,發現zmbnl3 會抑制肌肉細胞的分化。由Dual-luciferase
    reporter assay 更發現了在斑馬魚胚胎中,mbnl3 可以降低myoD
    promoter 的活性,但mbnl3 本身並不具有轉錄活性。综合以上
    結果,mbnl1 或mbnl2 的缺少可以使斑馬魚胚胎出現與強直型
    肌肉萎縮症類似的病徵,以及病徵以外的表型,顯示mbnl 可
    能參與更多的細胞發育程序,而這些病徵或表型與相關基因的
    調節及特異性剪接異常有關。mbnl2 的缺失所造成的嚴重程度
    較mbnl1 輕微,顯示mbnl1 在發育期間可能扮演比mbnl2 更為
    重要的功能角色。而mbnl3 對早期胚胎發育功能不明顯,反而
    可以經由MyoD-dependent 途徑來抑制肌肉細胞進行分化。
    Muscleblind-like (MBNL) is a family of proteins that participate in
    regulation of tissue-specific alternative splicing. All of the mbnl
    proteins contain two to four characteristic CCCH zinc finger
    domains required for RNA binding. Misregulation of MBNL
    activity in humans has been shown to cause myotonic dystrophy
    (DM). This study is aimed to use zebrafish as a system to model the
    down-regulation of MBNL activity in DM, in which the effect of
    mbnls on early fish development can be investigated. First, we have
    cloned three mbnl genes (zmbnl1 – 3) in zebrafish, determined their
    structures and analyzed the expression profiles during development,
    and further inhibited their protein translation by injection of antisense
    morpholino oligonucleotides, and analyzed the phenotypes of
    the morphants and certain gene expression or alternative splicing in
    morphants. Our result indicated that alternative splicing of the
    mbnls primary transcripts gives rise to at least 13 protein isoforms
    (4 mbnl1, 4 mbnl2 and 5 mbnl3). Zebrafish mbnls are expressed in
    most adult tissues although the expression of specific spliceforms
    varies. During embryogenesis, mbnl1 and mbnl2 are both
    maternally expressed but mbnl3 transcripts are not detected until
    24hpf. Whole-mount in situ hybridization reveals that mbnl1 is
    expressed in presumptive blood and ventral mesoderm in early
    embryos, and in heart, pharyngeal arches, otic vesicle and swim
    bladder after 48 hpf. mbnl2 is expressed in lens, olfactory
    epithelium, branchial arches, head mesenchymes, optic chiasm,
    midbrain hindbrain boundary, pharynx and swim bladder. mbnl3
    expression in the embryo is more ubiquitous. Knockdown of mbnl1
    results in morphants with deformed heart, abnormal swimming,
    fused otoliths, less differentiated eyes, defective muscle
    morphology, swim bladder and arch cartilages. In consistent with
    the phenotypes, the splicing patterns of four pre-mRNAs (tnnt2,
    mtmr1,clcn1 and vinculin) that are misregulated in cells with CUG
    RNA expansion, are altered in the morphants. The phenotype of
    mbnl2 morphants is similar with that of mbnl1 but milder. Western
    blotting reveals reduction of mbnl1 and mbnl2 protein levels in
    corresponding knockdown embryos. Injection of mbnl1 and mbnl2
    cRNA can rescue partial phenotypes observed in the morphants. On
    the other hand, antisense knockdown of mbnl3 did not result in
    embryos with clear difference from WT embryos except defects in
    the pharyngeal cartilages.
    URI: https://ir.csmu.edu.tw:8080/ir/handle/310902500/3929
    Appears in Collections:[生物醫學科學學系暨碩士班] 研究計劃

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