| Abstract: | 根據經濟部107年工業統計調查報告顯示，模具相關廠商數是金屬製品製造業類別裡廠商家數最多的一個行業；在就業人口方面位居金屬製品製造業排名第二位，為我國金屬製品業中最大規模的行業，可見模具產業的重要性。金屬模具製造業之勞工於生產過程中容易暴露於重金屬粉塵、噪音、有機溶劑等危害。此次選擇之金屬模具製造廠，其原料成分含金屬鎳，容易經由吸入途徑進入體內，造成呼吸道系統疾病、過敏和免疫毒性等危害。研究目的是瞭解金屬模具製造業勞工吸入鎳(金屬鎳)之暴露濃度及推估其健康風險值；並藉由測量空氣粉塵和勞工尿液之濃度來辨識金屬模具製造業勞工之金屬鎳暴露，探討其相關性。
本研究分別針對電鑄研磨區、手工具研磨、精密研磨室之勞工進行連續三天之空氣及尿液採樣，空氣樣本選擇IOM採樣器進行勞工可吸入性粉塵採樣，其濾紙為25mm，截取粒徑為5μm的聚氯乙烯濾紙(Polyvinyl Chloride, PVC)；八階型分徑採樣器(Marple)進行粒徑分佈採樣，其粒徑（d50）分別為：0.13、0.52、0.96、1.55、3.5、6、9.8、 14.8、21.3、28.3 (μm)，濾紙則是使用34mm，截取粒徑為0.5μm的PVC濾紙；分析方法為重量分析法，將採集到的濾紙重量以SigmaPlot分析，並推估作業勞工之可吸入性氣膠暴露量 (Cinh)、胸腔性氣膠暴露量 (Cthorac)與可呼吸性氣膠暴露量 (Cresp)；尿液樣本則是採集勞工上班前及下班前之尿液，最終將空氣和尿液樣本用感應耦合電漿質譜儀(ICP-MS)進行分析。
各採樣點之空氣樣本中，手工具研磨勞工吸入之平均濃度值為1.04×10-1 mg/m3，高於電鑄研磨區1.53×10-2 mg/m3及精密研磨室4.88×10-3 mg/m3；勞工於下班前之尿中鎳濃度皆高於上班前，電鑄研磨勞工輪班前後平均增加約6.30 μg/g CRE，手工具研磨勞工增加約8.95 μg/g CRE，密研磨勞工增加約14.3 μg/g CRE，且精密研磨勞工第二天之平均尿中鎳濃度≧30 μg/g CRE，已高於特殊健檢管理分級建議指引之結果；在每天增加的尿液濃度（x）和空氣濃度（y）之間，可以建立相關之線性關係 R = 0.75; y = 0.0106x + 0.07；三個作業型態境之勞工氣膠暴露量以可呼吸性氣膠百分比例最高(> 40%)。
根據健康風險評估結果，計算出三種作業型態之致癌風險皆超出美國國家職業安全衛生研究所(NIOSH)訂定之1×10-4，建議應改善局部排氣工程設計，降低勞工暴露金屬鎳暴露之風險，並應根據政府公告之規定建立適當之呼吸防護計畫，提供作業人員適合之呼吸防護具以避免危害，或以行政管理措施減少作業人員暴露時間。
According to the report of the Industrial Statistics Survey of the Ministry of Economic Affairs in 107, metal mould manufacturing industry is the largest number factories of metal products manufacturing categories. In terms of the employment population, it ranks second in the metal products manufacturing industry and is the largest industry in our country. This shows the importance of the metal mould industry. Workers in the metal mould products manufacturing industry are easily exposed to heavy metal dust, noise, organic solvents and other hazards during the production process. The metal mould products manufacturing plant selected in this study, whose raw material contains metallic nickel, easily enters the body through inhalation, causing respiratory system diseases, allergies and immunotoxicity and other hazards. The purpose of this study is to explore the exposure concentration of nickel inhaled by workers in the metal mould products manufacturing industry and to estimate the health risk values; then, by measuring the concentration of airborne particles and workers urine to identify the metal nickel exposure of metal mould products manufacturing workers, and describe its correlation.
In this study, air and urine samples were taken for three consecutive days in the electroforming grinding area, grinding hand tools, and precision grinding. For airborne particles, use IOM sampler for labor inhalable dust sampling, and with MARPLE sampler to estimate the inhalable aerosol exposure (Cinh), thoracic aerosol exposure (Cthorac) and respirable aerosol exposure (Cresp); The MARPLE sampler consists of eight impaction stages（50% cut-off dae = 0.52, 0.96, 1.55, 3.5, 6.0, 9.8, 14.8, and 21.3 μm, respectively）and a back-up filter（34mm PVC with 0.5μm pore size）. The personal sampling used IOM sampler（25 mm PVC with 5μm pore size）. Urine samples are collected from the urine of workers before going to work and the urine after get off work. Finally, the airborne particles and urine samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Among the airborne particulate samples at each sampling point, the average concentration of grinding hand tools workers inhalation is 1.04×10-1 mg/m3, which is higher than the electroforming grinding 1.53×10-2 mg/m3 and the precision grinding 4.88×10-3 mg/m3. Moreover, partial urine concentrations of nickel were obtained from the post-shift was higher than the pre-shift. The average increment of electroformed grinding workers before and after shifts is about 6.30 μg/g CRE, and the increment of hand tool grinding workers is about 8.95 μg/g CRE. An increment of about 14.3 μg/g CRE, and the average urine nickel concentration in the second day of precision grinding workers is≧30 μg/g CRE which is the management recommendation value for special health examination. Between the coefficient of increasing urine concentration (x) and air concentration (y) every day, a linear relationship can be established R = 0.75; y = 0.0106x + 0.07. Among the three types of work, the percentage of respirable aerosols is the highest (>40%).
According to the results of the health risk assessment, it is calculated that the carcinogenic risks of the three types of work exceed the 1×10-4 set by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). It is recommended that the local exhaust engineering design should be improved to reduce the risk of labor exposure to nickel metal exposure. In addition, an appropriate respiratory protection plan should be established in accordance with the provisions of the government announcement to provide appropriate respiratory protective equipment for the workers to avoid hazards, or administrative management measures to reduce the exposure time of the workers. |
