| Abstract: | 研究旨在探討我國中老年人孝道期望、孝道信念及幸福感受之現況及影響因子，並檢驗孝道期望、孝道信念與幸福感受之關係，以期拓展孝道模型在不同年齡之研究並增進其應用價值。研究屬於橫斷面問卷調查，研究樣本為臺灣地區的中老年人，回收有效樣本共299人，年齡分佈由45到94歲，平均為61.38歲，中年人佔全樣本之71.2%，老年人佔全樣本之28.8%；中年人定義為45至64歲，老年人定義為65歲以上。研究工具包含「雙元孝道量表」（FPS-16，取自葉光輝，2003）、「生活滿意度量表」（SWLS-5，Diener等人，1985）、「平衡式情感量表」（ABS-10，取自楊中芳，1997）、以及「心理幸福感量表」（PWB-18，取自Li，2014），人口學變項則收集受試者之年齡及性別、子女之年齡、性別、居住狀況及婚姻狀況。資料以描述性統計、t檢定、皮爾森積差相關與階層多元迴歸進行統計分析及檢定。研究結果整理如下： （一）中老年人孝道期望、孝道信念及幸福感受之現況： （1）中老年人對於子代仍抱持相當程度的相互性孝道期望，而對權威性孝道之期望僅持中等程度；孝道信念方面，中老年人仍抱持相當程度的相互性孝道信念及略高於中等程度之權威性孝道信念；孝道期望、孝道信念之測量為李克特氏六點量表。 （2）中年人之主觀幸福感及心理幸福感皆高於中等程度；老年人之主觀幸福感位於中等程度，而心理幸福感則在中等程度之上；主觀幸福感之生活滿意度、正向情感、負向情感分別為李克特氏七點、四點、四點量表，心理幸福感則為李克特氏六點量表。 （二）中老年人孝道期望、孝道信念及幸福感受之差異： （1）中老年人孝道期望與子代之年齡及居住狀況相關，而與盡孝對象（父、母）、自身之年齡及性別、子代之性別及婚姻狀況等無關。 （2）中老年人之子代年齡越大，其「子代對母親」之相互性孝道期望越低，而「子代對父親」之權威性孝道期望越高。 （3）中老年人對於與己同住之子代有較高的權威性孝道期望。 （4）中老年人對子代盡孝之期望，相互性大於權威性。 （5）中老年人孝道信念與年齡相關，與盡孝對象（父、母）、性別無關。 （6）自身或子代的年齡越大，中老年人相互性孝道信念越低、權威性孝道信念越高。 （7）中老年人所抱持之孝道信念，相互性大於權威性。 （8）孝道期望與孝道信念兩者呈正相關；在不同孝道類型、不同盡孝對象，中老年人對於子代的孝道期望程度皆不及自身抱持的孝道信念。 （9）中年人相比老年人有較高的幸福感受，反映在生活滿意度、負向情感及心理幸福感上。 （三）孝道變項對中老年人幸福感受之預測力：（控制受試者性別及年齡） （1）中老年人的相互性孝道信念、相互性孝道期望、權威性孝道期望等變項共可解釋主觀幸福感中負向情感變異量的29.1%。相互性孝道信念越高、相互性孝道期望越高、權威性孝道期望越低，其負向情感越低。 （2）中老年人的相互性孝道信念、相互性孝道期望、權威性孝道期望等變項共可解釋心理幸福感變異量的23.2%。相互性孝道信念越高、相互性孝道期望越高、權威性孝道期望越低，其心理幸福感越高。 （3）孝道期望及孝道信念對中老年人幸福感受具有預測力；相互性孝道與權威性孝道、孝道期望與孝道信念對於幸福感受之作用效果皆不相同。 最後，提出研究限制和未來的研究方向。
The purpose of the research is to investigate the current status and influencing factors of the elderly filial expectations, filial beliefs, subjective well-being(SWB) and psychological well-being(PWB), analyze the relationship of filial expectations, filial beliefs and well-being, expand the dual filial piety model in different ages and enhance the value of the model. This is a cross-sectional questionnaire survey study, 299 valid samples from Taiwan were obtained. Age distribution in samples are from 45-94, and mean age is 61.38 years old; 71.2% of the total sample are middle-aged, and 28.8% of the total sample are elderly. Middle-aged is defined as 45-64 years of age, the elderly is defined as 65 years or more. The instruments include Filial Piety Scale (FPS-16), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS-5), Affect Balance Scale (ABS-10), and Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB-18). The demographic information consisting of the gender and age, as well as subject’s children''s age, gender, marital status and living conditions. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson’s product-moment correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The results are as follows: (1) The current status of filial expectations, filial beliefs and well-being: (a) In filial expectations, middle-aged and elder still hold a considerable degree of reciprocal filial expectations, while the degree of authoritarian filial expectations only the average level. In filial beliefs, middle-aged and elder still hold considerable degree of reciprocal filial beliefs and slightly higher than the average of authoritarian filial belief. The measuring of filial expectations and filial beliefs are 6-point Likert scales. (b) In the middle-aged, both SWB and PWB are above average. In the elderly, SWB is about average, and PWB is above average. The measuring of life satisfaction, positive emotions, negative emotions and PWB are 7-point, 4-point, 4-point and 6-point Likert scales. (2) The difference of filial expectations, filial beliefs and well-being: (a) Filial expectations are related to child’s age and living conditions, are not related to filial object, their own age and gender, and child’s gender and marital status. (b) When the children’s ages are larger, the reciprocal filial expectations (to mother) are lower, and the authoritarian filial expectations (to father) are higher. (c) Middle-aged and elder have higher authoritarian filial expectations to the child who live together. (d) In filial expectations, reciprocal filial piety is greater than authoritarian filial piety. (e) Filial beliefs are related to age, are not related to filial object and gender. (f) When their own age or the children’s ages are larger, the reciprocal filial beliefs are lower and the authoritarian filial beliefs are higher. (g) In filial beliefs, reciprocal filial piety is greater than authoritarian filial piety. (h) It has a positive correlation between filial expectations and filial beliefs. No matter which types of filial piety or filial objects, the filial expectations are less than the filial beliefs. (i) Middle-aged compared to the elderly have higher feelings of well-being, particularly in life satisfaction, negative emotional and PWB. (3) The filial variables to predict the well-being: (a) Reciprocal filial beliefs, reciprocal filial expectations and authoritarian filial expectations explain 29.1% variance of negative emotion. Higher the reciprocal filial beliefs, higher reciprocal filial expectations and lower authoritarian filial expectations, their negative emotion is lower. (b) Reciprocal filial beliefs, reciprocal filial expectations and authoritarian filial expectations explain 23.2% variance of PWB. Higher the reciprocal filial beliefs, higher reciprocal filial expectations and lower authoritarian filial expectations, their PWB is higher. (c) Filial expectations and filial beliefs have predictive power for well-being in middle-aged and elder . The effect of reciprocal filial piety and authoritarian filial piety are different. The effect of filial expectations and filial beliefs are also different. Finally, the researcher proposes some limitations and suggestions for future studies. |
